BLAKE & QUAKERS

William Blake

Illustrations_to_Robert_Blair's_The_Grave

Friendship

Before his death in 2016 my husband, Larry Clayton, wrote this about how William Blake's thought and experience paralleled the development of Quakerism as George Fox brought it into being.

"The proliferation of radical believers brought forth by the Puritan Revolution included a group called Ranters, who had descended from the the 16th Century Familists of Holland. The direct guidance of the Holy Spirit freed the Ranters from most or all legal restraints, and they were given to extreme statements (and demonstrations!) of their freedom. The Society of Friends grew out of this fertile soil.

In the 17th Century George Fox, an idealistic young man, explored the wide variety of religious options present in the Commonwealth. From a strictly scriptural view point he found something lacking in each of them. For example Jesus had insisted that there should be no preeminence among the faithful ("Call no man father"). Fox found an unchristian preeminence in every religious group which he observed.

After several years of spiritual travail Fox came into an experience of grace. Thereafter he enjoyed the direct and continuous presence of the Holy Spirit guiding his words and actions; he recognized no other control. The ultimate anti-authoritarian, Fox began going to what he called the steeple houses, where he proceeded to denounce the preeminent in each of them. Naturally he won a lot of trouble for his pains. He saw the inside of many jails (like Paul had done), but he started something that's still going on. Modern Quakers still try to be the church together without preeminence. Fox and his friends refused to doff their hats and discarded all titles of honor in favor of the familiar 'thee'. Both of these postures were solid blows aimed at the demise of hierarchical society in favor of the brotherhood of man.

Through the centuries the idea of the inner light in a man's heart has caused various excesses, but Fox's heart was good and the Holy Spirit led him to gather numbers of people around the most admirable moral and social values. The strong anti-authoritarianism of the Friends incurred wrath and persecution from many directions; still they multiplied, witnessing to their spiritual power. By the late 18th Century they had become numerous, prosperous and respectable, and no doubt more conformed to the world than Fox's generation had been.

Blake undoubtedly knew something of the power embodied in the Quaker movement. After the Moment of Grace which Blake experienced, the Quaker term 'self-annihilation' became a key construct of his theology. We could relate other Blakean expressions to the Quaker language. Although Blake preferred to engrave his human forms nude, when he did represent man clothed, the traditional Quaker garb appeared as a symbol of the good and faithful man. Study of Blake's works and his biographers has revealed no formal connection with the Quaker community. Nevertheless many of Blake's values clearly resemble those of the Friends:

The Friends were anti-sacramentarian; they did not practice Baptism or Holy Communion, the two Protestant sacraments. In 'A Vision of the Last Judgment ' Blake put an apostle on each side of Jesus representing respectively Baptism and the Lord's Supper, but he proceeded to define them as follows: 'All Life consists of these Two, Throwing off Error and Knaves from our company continually, & Receiving Truth or Wise Men into our Company continually.'

He also said "The outward Ceremony is Antichrist." And in the famous lines of My Spectre he identified the bread and wine with forgiving and being forgiven, without which we can only commune unworthily.

'Throughout all Eternity

I forgive you you forgive me

As our dear Redeemer said 

 This the Wine & this the Bread'

As already noted Fox and his disciples had no use for priests. Blake used priests repeatedly as objects of derision. In his French Revolution for example the archbishop attempts to speak but finds that he can only hiss. In America Blake has the 'Priests in rustling scales Rush into reptile coverts'. Other examples could be given to show that Blake generally thought of priests as serpents though he did not apply this evaluation to the poor and powerless priests of the people.

The Quakers have always been noted for their refusal to participate in war. Blake held similar perspective on war. Throughout the 18th Century the Quakers vigorously opposed the slave trade, which had become a profitable element of England's commercial life. Unlike much of the establishment they had enough integrity to see clearly the spiritual implications of human bondage. They formed the first abolitionist society in England and disowned any Friend involved in the slave trade. John Woolman, perhaps the outstanding Quaker of the century, devoted his life to achieving the abolition of slavery. Blake was no Woolman, but one of his earliest prophetic works, Visions of the Daughters of Albion, is among other things a spirited outcry against slavery.

The Quaker oriented reader who becomes familiar with Blake will find other significant correspondences. (Look at the Pendle Hill document Woolman and Blake.) Of all the religious groups in existence today the Quakers in their theology most nearly approximate the thought forms and theology of William Blake. Borrowing a phrase from Northrup Frye the Quakers and Blake both understood 'the central form of Christianity as a vision rather than as a doctrine or ritual'".  

Reflections on an Ancient Land 

                                                                            Carolyn McPherson

 The blue-green waters of the Nile are calm, 

        As reluctant to yield up their ancient visions to we who come in modern times as are the 

        sand and rocky hills that stand like sentinels on the horizon.

White ibis stand in the sunken marsh and vie with small rowboats for a meal of fish.

Donkey and cattle graze in the alfalfa, 

        occasionally lifting their heads as an Egyptian in a galabeya steers his felluca along the

         river paths.  Both seem caught in time. 

The scenes along the river are those of a land that time has not touched, 

        yet we have just visited the excavated temples that this same Nile has covered for more 

        than forty centuries with sand and silt, mountains of it, a hundred feet high.

Modern buildings split the sky back downriver in Cairo, 

        and overlapping, unfinished edifices and crowded bazaars fill the air with noise

        and pollution.

Cell phones, roof satellite dishes, and Arabic graffiti are everywhere. 

Tourists pack into hotels, then re-emerge to motor to the feet of the Giza Pyramids. 

Giza --- her three, towering, ancient monuments stand silent and unyielding in the relentless   

        Sahara sun, still holding their secrets after 4.500 years, and even modern science cannot

        reveal them all.

What other glimpses of the past does the desert yet conceal? 

With the boat still gently floating, I close my eyes and take in the sounds and smells of the

         river --- smells from the kitchens near the riverbank, the water itself, and the mixed

         vegetation on the shore, mingled with the far-off sweet smell of drying grasses, and the 

         sunbaked sand and rock with its age and permanency. 

The steady, slow throb of the ship's engine. 

Breezes whistling softly through the banana trees, and the sudden braying of an unseen 

        donkey that sounds to my ears like the honk of a Canada goose.

Opening my eyes, I see fields of golden grain almost down to the edge of the water 

        and broken by stretches of green alfalfa and papyrus, all bending gently to the south.

White seabirds rise in small clouds above them. 

Workers row along the river's edge in low, flat boats, pulling weeds in the midst of the grain.  

Little straw hats pop into view now and then, some leaning precariously toward the water. 

         There are no Nile Crocodiles to fear now, since the new High Dam was built.

What must it be like to live on the edge of this ancient river, glimpsing thousands of years?

Our New World experience is so new compared to the history of these people ---

        how can we appreciate their changes, their heritage, 

        and their wealth in what was as well as what is and what needs to be? 

Our cultural accumulations seem so fleeting in comparison with their rich past, their

         willingness to endure. 

And yet the real wealth here is not in the tombs, or the golden artifacts, or in the statues found        

         in the temples. It is in the Nile --- in the life-blood it provides to this country. 

         Without it, the Sahara sand would creep over this land, swallowing everything the 

         blazing sun did not first kill.

Without the Nile, both east and west banks would become lands of the dead. 

We have so much to learn from and about one another, we humans.  We grow up in a single culture, most of us, knowing little else.  We may have been put on this planet to learn about each other and to make a better world for the children and grandchildren who will follow us.

And yet we start from an early age playing up our differences rather than our commonalities, and end up destroying some parts of the earth for the benefit of other parts.

What wonders or horrors will we leave in the next forty centuries for those who come after us?